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Not merely of historical interest, such questions are highly relevant to current policy debates about potential remedies ( 1, 2, 11, 12). Scant research, however, has examined whether historical redlining continues to structure current health inequities-that is, social group differences in health that are unfair, avoidable, and preventable ( 7, 9, 10). Adverse health impacts of contemporary racial segregation across the life course, from infancy to death, are well documented ( 6–8). Documented sequelae of the 1930s policy of redlining include contemporary residential segregation and its many corollaries: racial/ethnic inequities in home ownership, wealth, education, employment, transportation, and environmental pollution ( 1–5). Banks deemed redlined areas risky for business, leading to the denial of mortgages and disinvestment in neighborhoods, with an explicit objective of keeping specific neighborhoods White and constraining where populations of color could live ( 1–4). The HOLC maps employed a 4-color schema to designate an area’s merit ranking for mortgages (A/“best” = green, B/“still desirable” = blue, C/“definitely declining” = yellow, and D/“hazardous” = red), with neighborhoods whose residents were Black, disproportionately low-income or foreign-born, or racially integrated being assigned to the last category (see Web Table 1, available at, for examples of the HOLC appraisals). The term “redlining” arises from maps produced by the federally sponsored Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) in the 1930s ( 1, 3), which have only recently been digitized ( 3). Surprisingly little research has empirically investigated the contemporary health implications of historical US governmental policies that have structured contemporary residential segregation, including the practice of “redlining” ( 1–4).
#Extreme race in cordoba driver#
Research on historical redlining as a structural driver of health inequities is warranted.ĬI confidence interval CT census tract HOLC Home Owners' Loan Corporation ICE Index of Concentration at the Extremes MCR Massachusetts Cancer Registry RR risk ratio
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For example, a substantially elevated risk of late stage at diagnosis occurred among men with lung cancer residing in currently privileged areas that had been redlined (risk ratio = 1.17, 95% confidence interval: 1.06, 1.29), whereas such risk was attenuated among men residing in census tracts lacking such current privilege (risk ratio = 1.01, 95% confidence interval: 0.94, 1.08). Multivariable analyses indicated that, net of age, sex/gender, and race/ethnicity, residing in a previously HOLC-redlined area imposed an elevated risk for late stage at diagnosis, even for residents of census tracts with present-day economic and racial privilege, whereas the best historical HOLC grade was not protective for residents of census tracts without such current privilege. We used the recently digitized HOLC redlining maps for 28 municipalities in Massachusetts to analyze Massachusetts Cancer Registry data for late stage at diagnosis for cervical, breast, lung, and colorectal cancer (2001–2015).
#Extreme race in cordoba registration#
Registration for the 2011 Dakar Rally opens May 15th, 2010.In the 1930s, maps created by the federal Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) nationalized residential racial segregation via “redlining,” whereby HOLC designated and colored in red areas they deemed to be unsuitable for mortgage lending on account of their Black, foreign-born, or low-income residents. It will return to some venues seen in 2010, such as the white dunes of Fiambala, the vast Atacama Desert, or the dizzying descent to Iquique. The race will also introduce new venues, including five new provinces in Argentina, and the border territories of Peru and Bolivia. The 33rd edition of the Dakar Rally will take place starting January 1st, 2011 and finish on January 16th. Furthermore, the GPS functions on all bikes will be reduced for guidance to the race way points only, which means those riders who can read the road-book effectively will have a distinct advantage in the race. Stage schedule and more, after the jump.Īs with the 2010 Dakar, elite riders will have to complete the course on a dirt bikes that cannot exceed 450cc’s in displacement. With the route going as far north as the Peruvian border, Dakar riders will see many more sand-filled stages, and will have to contend with a number of rule changes. Dashing hopes that the race would return to its namesake, the Dakar Rally will again be held in Chile and Argentina. The organizers of the Dakar Rally have released details on the 2011 edition of the adventure race.